Workings And Functions Of LED (Light Emitting Diode) In Electronic Circuit

Workings And Functions Of LED (Light Emitting Diode) In Electronic Circuit - Light Emitting Diode or LED is often abbreviated with electronic components that can emit monochromatic light when a given voltage. LED is a family of diodes made of semiconductor construction. The colors of light emitted by the LED depends on the type of semiconductor material used. LEDs can emit infrared light that is not visible to the eye that can be used as an infrared sensor as found on the Remote Control Remote Control TV or other electronic devices. 

 LED (Light Emitting Diode) In Electronic Circuit

 LED shape similar to a small incandescent lamp and can be easily paired with the electronic device. In contrast with Incandescent Lamp, LED does not require burning filament so as not to cause heat to produce light. Therefore, the current LED (Light Emitting Diode) which is small has been widely used as a torch light in LCD TV to replace the lamp tube and is also widely used in digital techniques. 

Workings of LED (Light Emitting Diode) in electronic circuit is similar to the diode which has two poles, namely poles Positive (P) and the negative pole (N). LEDs will only emit light when energized the forward voltage of the anode toward the cathode.

 Symbol And Polarity Of LED (Light Emitting Diode) In Electronic Circuit

LED consists of a semiconductor chip in doping thus creating a junction P and N. When the LED forward voltage is fed from the anode (P) to the cathode (K), excess electrons in the N-type material will move to areas that excess Hole area positively charged (P-type material). When electrons meet with Hole will release photons and emits monochromatic light (single color).
Here are a few to apply LEDs in everyday life: 

• Lamp Illumination.
•  Street Lighting Lamps.
•  Advertising boards (Advertising).
•  Backlight LCD (TV, Mobile Display, Monitor).
•  Interior and Exterior Lighting Decoration.
• Indicator Lights.
• Infrared transmitter on the Remote Control (TV, AC, AV Player)

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The Simplest Algorithm Timer Arduino

The simplest algorithm timer Arduino - In mikroprosessor's programs,  mark sense Timer's component becomes momentous to back up device's makings process that utilize timer's function as logger's data, counter, countdown, delay and any other as it. But available timer condition on mikroprosessor as syntax “ millis ”, “counter ”, “countdown ” and another syntax is perceived still reducing is equal to for lack of system reset automatically, so required by tech to engineer system with memamfaatkan device affix one of it is RTC (Real time Clock). timer's algorithm on this mikroprosessor's mathematics using RTC'S function to engineer timer as logistic as counter, delay etc. which have reset's function automatically so gets to optimize device's purpose that require timer's function.

Figure 1.1 RTC DS1307

About problem
Don't mark sense reset's system and counter / delay's duration that relative abbreviates on timer's function mikroprosessor's programs causes less effective timer's logistic purpose in mikrokontroller's peripheral. So needed by problem formulation how engineer timer's Algorithm as counter / delay who proveded with by system reset automatic and on the defensive in long time duration. 

Tech and Algorithm

In this Timer's Algorithm, utilized by RTC'S component (Real Time Clock) which is a Chip (IC) one that functioning as depositor of time and date of. RTC'S type that is utilized is DS 1307. Where is this RTC'S type can keep data as sec as, minute, the time of day, date of, days, valid's moon and year until 2100. 56 byte.

Hereafter RTC this diintergrasikan with Meikroprosessor Arduino with wiring from VCC goes to 5V, GND goes to GND, Idem to pin 4, SCL goes to pin 5. as one appear on image this following:

THE SIMPLEST ALGORITHM TIMER ARDUINO

Source code:

#if defined(ARDUINO) && ARDUINO >= 100

#include "Arduino.h"

#else

#include "WProgram.h"

#endif

#include <Wire.h>

#include <DS1307.h>

// Library Arduino

int detik,detik1;

int a=0;

int timer=0;

void setup()

{

  Serial.begin(9600);

}

void loop() {

  detik=(RTC.get(DS1307_SEC,true));

  if (a==0){

    detik1=detik;

    a=1;}

  if (detik1=!detik){

    timer=timer+1;

    a=0;

  Serial.println(timer);

}

}

Application potency

timer's algorithm functions in addition on peripheral that need condition regulator to become more optimal since by use of algorithm timer this, we can control working hour a system base particular conditions, e.g. if you want a system / equipment be conected with afters condition 10 second accept to detect from censors, therefore timer this wills be logistic as counter its time in delay on system / that equipment.

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Use SD Card (Secure Digital Memory Card) Module As Data Logger

Use SD Card (Secure Digital Memory Card) Module As Data Logger - SD Card (Secure Digital Memory card) is used to storage that is used in HP, digital camera, but it is now starting to be used to store data on a computer, in conjunction with the flash and integration of microcontroller devices. In 2001 SanDisk Corporation, Matsushita (Panasonic) and Toshiba introduced the SD Memory Card or Secure Digital.

Use SD Card (Secure Digital Memory Card) Module As Data Logger

In control system, SD Card is often used as a data logger, which is to store the data from the study. The size of this memory karu bermaca variety ranging from 128MB, 512MB, 1GB and so even there Memory Card with a capacity of 32GB or more.

This SD Card (Secure Digital Memory Card) Module features are as follows: 

1. Support Micro SD Card, Micro SDHC card (high speed card).
2. The conversion rate of the circuit board level interface to 5V or 3.3V.
3.  The power supply is 4.5V ~ 5.5V, 3.3V voltage regulator circuit board.
4. The communication interface is a standard SPI interface.
5.  four (4) positions M2 screw holes for easy installation

Control Interface on this module total of six pin (GND, VCC, MISO, MOSI, SCK, CS), to ground GND, VCC is the power supply, MISO, MOSI, SCK is the SPI bus, CS is the chip select signal pin.

 

Shape-sized SD Card with MMC at speeds faster data transfer. Widely used ranging from mobile phones, cameras and computers. SD Card has a switch that serves to SD Card be write protected.

 Mini SD 
The size is approximately half the size of the SD card, can be inserted into the SD Card or MMC slot by using sebuh Adapter.

 Micro SD / TransFlash 
Its size is smaller than the Mini SD and widely used in cell phones now. Data penyimpana capacity can reach up to 16 GB.

XD Card. 
Developed by Olympus and Fuji cameras for products output.

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Damage And Disturbance On The Electrode Tube Television

Damage / disturbance on the electrode tube television - Television is a broadcast image capturing tool. The word is derived from the word tele television and vision; which has the meaning of each remote (tele) and looks (vision). So television means visible or can see from a distance. Television is paralleled with the invention of the wheel, because this discovery could change the world civilization.

Damage And Disturbance On The Electrode Tube Television

Although television now has many uses LED TV, but perhaps there is also the use of television electrode tube, I will try to share a bit of knowledge about the damage that often occurs in the television tube electrodes used to correct me (before the LED TV market leader today) . Damage to the electrode tube television can diakibat from various aspects, such as short circuit, temperature, and others that can cause a variety of damage. following damage / disturbance on the electrode tube television, this might be a little to add to your knowledge of the television tube electrode:

Power Regulator.

1.  Indicator goes out, dark screen.
2.  Wavy picture.
3.  Figure shrink vertically and hrizontal

Horizontal 

1. Life indicator, dark screen.
2.  Pictures are too left or to right.
3.  The image is too wide left or to right.
4.  Ronter one vertical line.
5.  Image is out of focus.
6.  Figure dim / dark / underexposed.
7.  Figure arch in pinggirkiri and right.
8.  There blanking / white stripes

Vertical

1. Rounter one horizontal line.
2.  Image up and down does not stop.
3.  Figure mamendek ketengah.
4.  Image is too high / aft and above.
5.  Picture too up or down.
6.  The image is stretched up or down.
7.  Figure extends the top or bottom

RGB (Red, Green, Blue)

1. No color.
2.  The pictures do not come out / less clear.
3.  Picture / literary invisible but still bright.
4.  Color images incomplete / base color.
5. SCREEN / CRT.
6.  Indicator life dark screen.
7.  Figure dim / not visible.
8.  At the time of power on off Canada's light in the middle of the screen like matchsticks.
9.  There blanking red / green / blue.
10.  There are patches of color spots on the image

Yoke Deflection

1. Rounter one line horizontal / vertical.
2.  Figure travesium.
3.  Pictures circular.
4.  Figure tilted left / to right.
5.  Color ganbar tudak focus / separate.
6.  Indicator life dark screen

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Recognize Functions And Types Of Oscillators Ideal

Recognize Functions And Types Of Oscillators Ideal - Oscillator is a device that serves to generate a signal with a certain period. The oscillator generates multiple waveforms, namely: sinusoidal shape, rectangular (square), triangular, sawtooth, or pulse. Oscillator circuit is formed of several models in accordance with the resulting waveform. The basis of an oscillator is an amplifier circuit with a feedback system, which is partially restored output signal to the input with the same phase and voltage resulting in continuous oscillation.

Recognize Functions And Types Of Oscillators Ideal

As Mentioned above that the oscillator can generate various output waveform is a small input signal is then amplified by the active component so that the signal is an output signal that will be used. Most of the turn signal is then fed to the input so that the signal will continue to continuous and can produce the desired output waveform. One of the requirements that must be met in order for the oscillator can vibrate itself is the proper phase between the output signal with a signal that is fed turn, Also strengthening the right to be fed feedback. Oscillator not create energy, but the oscillator can work because of the voltage source that can be used to produce a signal by turning on the power supply (DC) into a sinusoidal output (AC).

Basically there are three kinds of oscillators, namely the RC oscillator, LC oscillator, and a relaxation oscillator. RC oscillator and LC oscillator generates sinusoidal signal, while the relaxation oscillator generates square signals, triangle, sawtooth or pulse (other than sinusoidal).

Examples of such oscillators: harmonic oscillator, oscillator Armstrong, Clapp oscillator, oscillator Colpitt, Hartley Oscillator, Crystal oscillator / Crystals, Phase-shift oscillator, oscillator-delay channel, Wien bridge oscillator, oscillator T, Oscillator Vackar, relaxation oscillator, oscillator UJT, blockage and Oscillator Oscillator 555 (Timer)

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Types Of Energy Is Important In Life

Types of energy is important in life - Energy is very important in the development of the world, all the components of living things can not be separated from the name of energy. Energy is the ability to do work or perform a change. Energy is part of an object but not attached to the object. Energy can not be created or destroyed, but can be changed shape. Energy is also called power. Energy can be distinguished from some types of which are:

Types Of Energy Is Important In Life

Potential Energy 
Potential energy is energy that has thing for a state or position. We know some of the potential energy, such as gravitational potential energy, the potential energy of the spring, and the electric potential energy. However, here we will focus on the gravitational potential energy. Of potential gravitational energy arises because of the force of gravity. For example, if we let go of the object from a certain height, it always falls down. This happens because it has the potential to fall. In other words, it has a gravitational potential energy.

Kinetic Energy 
Kinetic energy is the energy that moves the current object. That energy will be released (lost) if the object stops (silence). Large objects kinetic energy is determined by the mass and the velocity of the object. The greater the mass of the object and the faster the motion of objects, then the kinetic energy will be greater. Objects moving straight uniform, uniformly accelerated motion, and moving in a circle having kinetic energy. Object moving with constant velocity has a constant kinetic energy.

Chemical Energy 
Chemical energy is the energy stored in various types of food and fuel. Energy that would be released if the food or fuel undergoes a chemical reaction. For example, our bodies obtain energy from food that we eat after the food material change (react with oxygen) in the body. Similarly with gasoline or diesel. Chemical energy of gasoline or diesel fuel can be taken (used) after the fuel was burned.

Energy Light and Heat Energy 
Light energy and heat energy are two forms of energy are intimately linked. Objects that emit light is usually accompanied by heat, for example sunlight and fire. Sunlight is very important for life on earth. Sunlight is needed by green plants for photosynthesis. The existence of green plants is needed by animals and humans.

Electrical Energy  
The electrical energy generated by an electric current. Electrical energy is the energy that is most widely used by humans directly. That's because the electrical energy is generated and easily transformed into other forms of energy, such as light energy, heat, and motion. In everyday life, the electrical energy used for lighting and powering industrial machines.

The sound energy
Sound energy present in all types of sounds: the conversation, the sound of birdsong, the sound of musical instruments and so on. Correct the sound is energy? If you hear a very loud, our ears hurt. It is proved that the sound energy. That energy that propagate from one place to another

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Reason Forecasting Electrical Energy Needs Required

Forecast electrical energy needs required as input data for development planning process an electrical system, and it is also necessary for the operation of the power system in the provision of energy as needed. Demand Forecast or forecasts of electric energy needs itself includes several sectors including: Households, businesses, public, and industrial.

Reason Forecasting Electrical Energy Needs Required

Forecast is basically conjecture or forecasts regarding the occurrence of an event or events in the future. Forecasts can be qualitative (not shaped figure) and quantitative (numeric form). Qualitative forecasting is difficult to obtain good results because the variables are very relative.

Quantitative forecasts consist of two, namely: single forecasts (point forecast) and the forecast interval (interval forecast). Single Forecast consists of one value, while the forecast interval consists of some value, in the form of an interval (interval) which is bounded by a lower limit value (forecast lower limit) and upper (high estimate). The weakness of the single forecasts is that the value obtained burupa idea of ​​how much distance or difference in the forecasts with actual values. Forecast hose intended to minimize errors forecast results with reality.

Forecast electrical energy needs can be grouped according to the time period into three groups, namely:

Long-term forecasts
Long-term forecast is a forecast for a period of over one year. In the long-term forecasts of macroeconomic issues that are the problem external power companies are the main factors that determine the direction of the forecast energy needs.

Medium-term forecasts
Medium-term forecast is a forecast for a period of one month up to one year. In the medium term load forecasting managerial factors companies are the main factors that determine, for example, the technical ability to expand its distribution network.

Short-term forecasts
Short-term forecast is a forecast for a period of a few hours up to one week (168 hours). In the short-term forecasts are several factors that influence such as television shows, weather and air temperature.

 

parameters Forecasting Electrical Energy are as follows:

• Time (morning, noon, afternoon, evening, midnight / weekdays, holidays, weekends). 
• The weather (temperature and humidity conditions). 
• Consumer groups (households, commercial sector, industry, etc.). 
• Special events (national holidays, religious holidays, etc.). 
• Population or population growth. 
• Technology trends.
• Price of electricity.

 

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The Most Ideal Working System of Energy Saving Lamps

The most ideal working system of energy saving lamps - these energy-saving lamps can save 80% power consumption compared with conventional lamp others, such as fluorescent lights that use ballast transformer and incandescent lamps. Although more energy efficient lamp has a disadvantage in terms of higher prices.

Example of energy saving lamps

The most ideal working system of energy saving lamps is to increase the frequency so as to change the frequency of electricity, then the resulting light output becomes brighter. to change the frequency of these energy-saving lamps use Electronic Ballast.

Electronic ballasts are power electronics converter which serves to supply the discharge lamp. Electronic ballast was gaining popularity after the development of large power mosfet with a relatively inexpensive price. With the development of semiconductor technology, it makes use of a mosfet transistor electronic ballast becomes easier.

The following is a complete review of how The most ideal working system of energy saving lamps:

The most ideal working system of energy saving lamps

First, the AC voltage of the power plant will be rectified by using a bridge rectifier and then the voltage stored in the capacitor bank (C). Capacitor banks will be a source of DC voltage for energy saving lamps. and to prevent the occurrence of transient voltage of the input voltage, the power plant is used filters.

In addition, the filter also serves to dampen the noise sources of electromagnetic interference caused by high frequency energy saving lamp tube. This filter can be a capacitor or inductor circuit. When the circuit is turned on then the light tube will arise very large impedance. This causes the capacitor impedance 1 will undergo a series with the capacitor and inductor 2 (see picture above section boost converter). so that a very large voltage will appear due to resonance.

This generated voltage can be used to mengionisai gas inside the tube energy saving lamps. When the lamp has increased ionization tube is full, then the impedance at the lights will go down far enough. So this will cause the circuit to be throwing in the capacitor 1. This result also resonant frequency will be shifted to the value to be determined by the 2 capacitors and inductors.

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RTC DS1307 TIMER COMPONENT PRECISION

DS1307 RTC timer precision component - RTC (Real Time Clock) DS1307 is a precision component in the calculation of time. With Rechargeable Lithium battery that will keep the module LIR2032 still work when the power supply is not connected, this module can serve as tracers of time (time tracking device) that can be relied upon for years!

RTC DS1307 TIMER COMPONENT PRECISION

Connection with microcontroller / Arduino can be easily thanks to the I2C interface (IIC Interface) which only requires two wires connection (SDA and SCL, pin A4 and A5 on the Arduino Uno).
In addition, this module also comes with an additional 4 Kilobytes EEPROM using IC Atmel AT24C32, useful for storing data permanently (EEPROM is a type of non-volatile memory / no data is lost when it is not electrified from the power supply).
With a myriad of features like this and economical price, this module is a module RTC favorite among practitioners of electronics, especially when used together with a microcontroller based electronic project or as tracers of time in the Arduino or Raspberry-Pi.
If you are very critical of the time and requires the RTC module with higher precision. This may be used as a recommendation.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF WIND POWER

working principle of wind power - As we see, the wind came first, then move the fan / propeller generator.dimana connected to the working principle of the generator is in contrast with the electric motor. The electric motor requires electrical power to spin, while the generator will generate electrical energy from the speed of rotation. The electrical energy produced by the generator is passed to the control panel which houses from various generators (4) then raised to a high voltage transformer voltage riser (5). It is for the power efficiency of loss-RGI electrical and cost efficiency. Because at the same power, the voltage is higher enough with a smaller cross-section of the cable (power = voltage x current).

 

working principle of wind power

 

Through a distribution system with high poles, ready for downloading supply the electricity needs of households and industry. Having reached a certain area, it takes a voltage step-down transformer (6) which is adapted to the standard voltage for your home (7).

That's an explanation of how the air moves (the wind), and the working principle of wind power that are identical to the workings of hydroelectric power. However, the difference in the specifications of the equipment support and the level of power generated.

as we know, the development of technology in some other sectors require the presence of electrical energy. Electricity from wind energy is a renewable energy that did not cause pollution such as Oil & Gas, so it will always be there to support future technological advances to create environmentally friendly green city (green city).

 Even so, not all geographic locations in various countries is suitable for producing wind power, because of the potential for wind speed in each area calm. So the need to use more renewable energy such as by solar energy through solar panels (solar cell) and various other kinds of renewable energy. Hope it is useful!

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INTERNET ADDICTION TREATMENT CENTRE (IATC) IN BEIJING

BEIJING - Internet addiction bamboo curtain country is indeed a special spotlight local government, especially at a young age users. and to overcome the addictive effect, the Chinese government has set up an isolation place called The Daxing Internet Addiction Treatment Centre (IATC) is devoted to reducing the impact of Internet addiction in youth.

INTERNET ADDICTION TREATMENT CENTRE (IATC) IN BEIJING

In the camp of the Internet addicts will be given training system is very tight, just like in the military training or other isolation. The internet enthusiast forced to abandon their computing devices, including the time of entry to the camp gadgets isolation.

when entering the camp, the addict will be prohibited from using any kind of gadget. Then, before entering the area, the team will examine the isolation of physical and mental health of the addict to ensure the patient is eligible to enter the coaching.

IATC is already officially opened since 2006 and claims to have housed as many as 6,000 patients. and the camp also claims that it has managed to heal as much as 75 percent of the addicts.
 
In a statement, the camp revealed that the addicts are treated in the IATC, has many successful free from addiction and now they just use the internet less than six hours a day. Reduced quite dramatically, as originally addicts can linger in front of a computer all day even more.

According to local authorities, including the madness of the internet addiction gadgets almost affects 24 million of the 632 million Internet users in China. Most addicts are young people, especially those used for online and multiplayer gaming.

The doctors in the IATC revealed that 90 per cent of which came Pasian, has clinical depression from the internet. The reason, they spend a lot of time up to 14 hours a day or more just to play on the internet.

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