WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

Working principle of synchronous generator produces electrical energy due to the relative motion of a homogeneous magnetic field conduction to anchor the generator coil (moving magnet and coil anchor silent, or otherwise stationary magnet coil anchor while moving). So, if a coil is rotated at a constant speed in a homogeneous magnetic field, it will be sinusoidal voltage induced in the coil. This homogeneous magnetic field can be generated by a DC current-carrying coil or by permanent magnets. Examples of simple overview of electric energy generation process in a synchronous generator can be shown as in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Anchor coils on the rotor rotates around the stator magnetic field generated

In figure 1.1 we can see a simple example of a coil rotor rotates around a homogeneous magnetic field produced by the stator, then the output voltage in the rotor is taken or passed through a pair of slip ring (ring brush) that can be connected to the load. The process of formation of the AC waveform generated at the output of this rotor more details shown in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2 Process formation of the wave AC synchronous generator

If we look at Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2, it can be understood that the onset of EMF induction generators may be explained as follows: 

1. BADC copper coil rotates between permanent magnet NS.
2. Both ends of the coil are connected with Slip Ring (ring brush).
3. GGL induction will produce flow (due to the load on the generator) which flows through the brushes charcoal to load connected to the generator.

When the coil BADC of figure 1.1 rotated to the right, one side of the coil pole red (we assume the coil red) moves upward while the other side (the coil of the pole blue, considered the coil blue) moves downward (see Figure 1.2). Coil to change the line style nagnet fewer, so that on both sides of the coil will be raised that the less voltage. When the alternator is loaded, then the electric current will flow also increasingly mengecilt around the coil until it reaches the vertical position of the coil with a current becomes zero because the voltage generated is also zero (see Figure 1.2). In the vertical position of the coil does not change the lines of magnetic force so that no electricity is flowing in the coil (AC-wheeled electric wave at position No. 1 in the figure 1.2).

If the coil is kept moving until the red side move to the right (south side, S) and the blue side moves to the left (north side, N). Coil magnetic lines of force change from minimum to maximum, but in the opposite direction from the previous position (note the waveform in Figure 1.2), so that on each side of the coil will be raised a maximum voltage (horizontal coil position and the wave is at its numbers 3).

Coil continues to rotate until the red side moved further down and move the blue side up. Currently coil changes the maximum magnetic force lines to a minimum, so that the voltage generated in the coil fell to near zero (at position numbers 5).

Then coil BADC kept turning toward the north pole (N) resulting in a reversal of the direction of the wave (position numbers 6 and 7). When the coil continues rotating coil seihingga BADC back in the position above the voltage waveform will change to the position of numbers 8 and 9). Here we see the formation of the AC waveform due to the rotation of the coil in a magnetic field formed in the anchor coil is a voltage waveform. Electric current will flow when the generator output terminals in the given load such as a lamp or other load.

For small capacity generator, magnetic fields can be placed on the stator (called external pole generator / external pole generator) which electrical energy generated in the rotor coil. If this method is used for large power generator, then this can cause damage to the slip ring and carbon brush. To solve this problem, then the large-capacity generator used type of generator with internal pole (internal pole generator), in which the magnetic field generated by the rotor poles and the AC voltage generated in the stator circuit. Will be a sinusoidal voltage generated when the magnetic flux density in the air gap is distributed sinusoidal and the rotor is rotated at a constant speed. A portion of the coil generator that generates a voltage called anchor coil, while a portion of the coil that generates a magnetic field generator called field coils

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